Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences found at the end of chromosomes that protect and provide cellular stability. They serve a vital role in preserving the information in our genome and allow our bodies to carry out their normal functions. As we age, our cells undergo subsequent cell replication which causes telomere lengths to shorten. By measuring the length and the extent of telomere shortening, we are able to determine your biological age.

Epigenetic alterations refer to changes in gene expression which do not affect DNA sequences. There is a continuous accumulation of epigenetic changes during ageing. DNA methylation is an epigenetic change that includes the addition of a methyl group to the DNA strand for the regulation of gene expression (inactivation and silencing). As ageing is strongly correlated with DNA methylation, we can evalaute your biological age through changes in methylation.

Histones are gene regulatory proteins that coil and package DNA. Histone modifications such as acetylation are epigenetic alterations which change the conformation of DNA and affect how tightly coiled it is around the histones. Histones act as key regulators and control the expression of genes. Changes in histone modifications reflect epigenetic changes and are associated with the ageing process.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) is a molecule found inside every cell and is responsible for major energy pathways that support biological processes. These pathways are responsible for energy metabolism and ageing regulation. With insufficient NAD, the hallmarks of ageing are accelerated which can be detrimental to health. NAD levels decline with age and its deficiency is a common pathological factor of health and wellness risks.